Register of Obligations in Uzbekistan

A modern rule-of-law state is unthinkable without an effective system for the enforcement of judicial acts. Rendering a fair court decision is only the first step; real protection of the rights and interests of citizens and organizations is achieved only when the decision is actually enforced.

In recent years, Uzbekistan has been implementing a consistent reform of enforcement proceedings. One of its key elements has been the introduction of the Register of Obligations — a unified state information resource ensuring the registration and monitoring of the execution of judicial acts and other enforcement documents.

1. Legal Nature of the Register of Obligations

The Register of Obligations can be defined as a unified state digital tool designed to record debtors’ obligations, monitor their fulfillment, and provide transparent access to information.

From a legal perspective, the Register performs several functions:

• Informational: accounting of all obligations subject to enforcement;
• Supervisory: monitoring of the execution of judicial acts;
• Guarantee: prevention of debtor misconduct;
• Analytical: formation of statistics and forecasts on debt load.

2. Legal and Regulatory Framework

The establishment of the Register of Obligations resulted from reforms in enforcement legislation, in particular:

• The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the Enforcement of Judicial Acts and Acts of Other Bodies”;
• Bylaws of the Bureau of Compulsory Enforcement under the General Prosecutor’s Office;
• Presidential Decrees and Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers on the digitalization of public administration.

The Bureau of Compulsory Enforcement (BCE) is responsible for maintaining the Register.

3. Structure and Content of the Register

The Register contains key data necessary for comprehensive monitoring:

• Information on the debtor (full name / company name, TIN, address);
• Information on the claimant;
• Details of the enforcement document;
• Amount of obligation and its changes;
• Applied enforcement measures (seizure, restriction, funds withdrawal);
• Execution status (in process, voluntarily executed, forcibly executed).

Main Information Blocks of the Register

Block	Content	Legal Significance
Identification	Data on debtor and claimant	Establishment of parties to the obligation
Financial	Debt amount, interest, penalties	Monitoring of debt amount
Procedural	Initiation and execution dates	Ensuring procedural discipline
Enforcement Measures	Applied sanctions and restrictions	Evaluation of enforcement efficiency
Execution Status	Voluntary / compulsory / suspended	Monitoring of results

 

4. Importance of the Register of Obligations

The introduction of the Register provides key benefits:

• Transparency — parties can track enforcement progress online;
• Reduced corruption risks — prevents “hidden” closure of enforcement cases;
• Faster enforcement — automation of requests to banks, tax, and registration authorities;
• Analytical capacity — the state obtains data on the structure of debt, socio-economic risks, and enforcement dynamics.

5. International Comparative Analysis

Similar mechanisms exist in many countries:

• Russia — Database of Enforcement Proceedings (FSSP);
• Kazakhstan — Unified Debtor Register;
• European Union — integration of enforcement data into credit bureaus.

Unlike these, the Uzbek Register of Obligations has broader coverage (including all types of enforcement documents) and is integrated with the system of e-government services, making it more universal.

6. Challenges and Prospects

Despite obvious advantages, the implementation of the Register faces certain difficulties:

• Untimely data updates;
• Limited access for commercial entities (banks, MFIs);
• Risk of technical failures;
• Need to strengthen personal data protection.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Register

Advantages	Disadvantages
Increased transparency	Possible data inaccuracies
Reduced corruption	Risk of confidentiality breaches
Faster procedures	System overload due to data volume
Statistical analysis	Insufficient integration with the private sector

Promising Directions for Development:

• Expanding access to the Register for credit institutions;
• Integration with international systems (for cross-border debts);
• Development of private bailiff institutions with Register access;
• Introduction of a debtor rating (credit scoring based on obligation data).

The Register of Obligations is a crucial step toward the digitalization and modernization of enforcement proceedings in Uzbekistan. Its implementation ensures transparency, efficiency, and trust in the judicial system and serves as a tool for social stability.

In the long term, the Register should become not only a mechanism of accounting and control but also a strategic instrument for managing debt relations, integrated into the financial and legal system of the state.

Who Is Included in the Debtors’ Register

The Register of Obligations (Debtors) includes all individuals and legal entities against whom enforcement proceedings have been initiated.

Categories included:

• Individuals — citizens who failed to fulfill court decisions or other obligations (alimony, fines, loans, taxes, etc.);
• Legal entities — enterprises and organizations with outstanding enforcement documents;
• Individual entrepreneurs — if they have arrears on taxes, loans, or contracts.

Grounds for inclusion:

• Receipt of the enforcement document by the Bureau of Compulsory Enforcement (BCE);
• Initiation of enforcement proceedings against the debtor;
• Existence of overdue debts (court judgments, alimony, taxes, administrative fines, loans, wages, etc.).

How a Debtor Is Entered into the Register

Inclusion process:

1. The bailiff receives the enforcement document (writ, order, notarial inscription, etc.);
2. Enforcement proceedings are initiated;
3. The debtor is given a period for voluntary compliance (usually 15 days, or 5 days under simplified procedure);
4. If the obligation is not fulfilled, information about the debtor is automatically entered into the Register of Obligations.

Thus, inclusion in the Register occurs automatically, without an additional decision by the court or bailiff.

Consequences of Inclusion in the Debtors’ Register

Once listed in the Register, the debtor faces several restrictions:

• Prohibition on leaving the country;
• Seizure of property and funds;
• Ban on registration actions (vehicles, real estate);
• Difficulties in obtaining loans and working with banks;
• Loss of business reputation (for legal entities).

How to Be Removed from the Debtors’ Register

Removal is possible only after the obligation has been fulfilled.

Main options:

• Full repayment of the debt (voluntarily or through enforcement);
• Termination of enforcement proceedings:
  • upon cancellation or amendment of the judicial act;
  • upon recognition of the obligation as invalid;
  • upon the debtor’s death (for individuals) or liquidation (for legal entities);
• Settlement or mediation agreement approved by the bailiff or court.

After that, the bailiff sends information about the closure of the case, and the debtor is automatically removed from the Register.

Timeframes for Removal from the Register

Information is deleted from the Register after fulfillment of the obligation and closure of enforcement proceedings.

As a rule, the Register is updated within a few days (in some cases — up to 10 working days).

Thus:

• It is easy to be included in the Debtors’ Register — simply by failing to comply with a court decision or other act on time;
• It is possible to be removed only by fulfilling the obligation or by lawful termination of enforcement proceedings.